Legacy Serial Communications Protocols 

Modern networking standardisation

For decades, various communication protocols have been utilised to connect telecommunications and computer hardware devices over short and long distances. To avoid incompatibility problems, standards were formulated and agreed, but meanwhile, a continuous drive to provide improved performance has meant an evolution of various alternatives.

Today with the dominance of USB, there are connector types and associated data protocols that have become almost universal for the wired serial connection of new devices over short-distances (when the use of wireless alternatives like WiFi and Bluetooth are not possible or appropriate). Whilst Ethernet has become the preference for local IT networks, for long-distance telecommunications, fibre-optic transmission is providing the benefits of reliable high bandwidth services. 

Maintenance of legacy standards for connecting and communicating 

Despite this, many older infrastructure systems and devices continue to utilise historic protocols and connections, and so it is still of benefit to recognise and be able to maintain ways to interoperate. There follows a non-exhaustive overview and comparison of the most popular standards and types of serial data communication methods.

RS-232 (V.24 / V.28)

Introduced way back in 1960 by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA), this is probably the longest surviving communications standard, but over time due to various revisions and lack of uniformity of connector types and connections, incompatibilities can arise. This resulted in the need for conversion cables, gender changers, etc.

It is a serial, full-duplex, unbalanced, single ended communications standard which has limitations in terms of transmission distance, noise immunity and operating speed, and can only be used for point-to-point connections.      

Given its age, it pre-dates most of modern computing, and was established for the relatively new purpose of communicating between a teleprinter, designated as the Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and a modem, the Data Communication Equipment (DCE). The standard defines a range of ‘circuits’ (pin assignments) which include data – TxD (transmit) and RxD (receive) – along with various control signals such as DTR (data terminal ready), RTS (request to send) and CTS (clear to send).

When directly connecting two DTEs, such as two computers without using modems, a ‘null modem’  or cross-over cable is needed to swap the connections between the transmit / receive data and control lines.

Over the years, this extended to the uses of connecting computers to various peripheral devices like printers, as well as to other computers. Most PCs then came to be equipped with a “D-Type” port, initially for 25-pin connectors but eventually 9-pin became much more common.

Voltage levels are defined for the signals, in the range of -3V to -15V i.e. negative voltage representing a logic ‘1’ (mark) and between +3V to +15V i.e. positive voltage as logic ‘0’ (space). The range between -3V and +3V as invalid, and typically voltages are expected between +/5V to +/-12V whilst peak voltages can up to +/- 25V.

RS-232 TTL

This variant to the RS-232 standard is designed for more convenient interoperation with low voltage circuits over shorter transmission ranges. This specifies a positive voltage of +5V representing logic ‘1’, and 0V for logic ‘0’, which unfortunately can cause operational difficulties through confusion regarding the deployed types. Naturally, this requires correct interfacing and use of converters to provide the required voltage level shifting and inversion between variants.

RS-423 (V.10 / X.26)

Originally designed and launched in 1975 as a replacement for RS-232, offering longer distance and faster speed communication, it failed to become widely adopted. It did however feature on the BBC Micro in the 1980s, utilising an unusual 5-pin DIN connector.

Sharing similarities with RS-232 as a serial, full-duplex, unbalanced, single ended communications standard, it notably adds multi-drop capability, making it possible for one transmitter to send data to up to 10 receivers.  It’s voltage range is restricted to +/- 6V, with the driver output between +3.6V to +6V representing logic ‘0’ and -3.6V to -6V for a logic ‘1’.

RS-422 (V.11 / X.21)

This standard, also launched in 1975, provides serial, simplex, balanced, differential communications. Like RS-423 it provides multi-drop capability for one transmitter and 10 receivers.

It was more successful as an upgrade to RS-232 as it provided better noise immunity through the use of twisted pairs of conductors carrying two differential data lines. Full-duplex communication is provided by using 4 wires and two transmitters and two receivers to send the data in both directions.

The differential voltage between the pair of transmit lines and pair of receive lines determine the logic states, rather than the nominal 0V to 5V signals compared to ground, with the maximum common-mode voltage in the range +/-7V.

Typically, line A (or Y) is labeled TxD- / RxD- and is the non-inverted signal and line B (or Z) is TxD+ / RxD+, which is the inverted or complement of the same signal. Then B greater than A usually represents logic ‘1’, following the RS232 convention that this state is represented by a negative voltage, in this case line A of at least less than -0.2V with respect to B. Conversely, A higher than B by at least more than +0.2V, therefore represents logic ‘0’.

It is important to assign these lines correctly; for instance, on a Nokia DM2 multiplexer, the UR / UT specifications for the MI service interface assign logic ‘1’ to a negative voltage, but this doesn’t make it clear whether this is referring to B >A or A > B. In practice, this can be addressed simply by reversing the two input and/or the two output A & B connections should the opposite assignment apply.       

RS-485

This standard came out in 1983, and brings further enhancements over RS-232 whilst retaining a degree of backwards compatibility with RS-422. It provides serial, semi-duplex, balanced, differential communications. Like RS-422 it uses twisted pairs of differential data lines to provide improvements to transmission distance, noise immunity and operating speed. But through use of bidirectional transceivers, it only requires 2 wires to provide both directions of data transfer (though not at the same time, i.e. semi-duplex).

This can be upgraded to 4 wire full-duplex operation by adding an additional pair of transceivers, but in practice this is not necessary unless for interworking with existing RS-422 components. It extends transmission capability to true multi-point communication, with the possibility for use of up to 32 transmitters and 32 receivers, by means of a tristate mode so that drivers are switched off when not transmitting.    

Usually, line A is named D- as the non-inverting signal and line B is its complement, the inverted signal named D+, such that when the voltage of D+ is high, D- is low. With B greater than A by +0.2V then this represents logic ‘1’. The opposite polarity, resulting in a voltage difference of B lower than A by -0.2V, is therefore logic ‘0’.

Its improved maximum common-mode voltage range of -7V to +12V aids its ability to operate in multi-point configurations, allowing for wider differences in ground potential between the drivers and receivers.              

Conversion between RS-422 and RS-232

This naturally loses the RS422 advantages of differential data for noise suppression and transmission distance.

For RS232 a negative voltage is logic ‘1’; when the device transmits this to the RS422 RxD- or A input the differential voltage with respect the RxD+ or B input held at GND is B > A i.e. logic ‘1’. Whereas with a positive voltage from the RS232 device the RS422 input differential voltage is A > B, equating to logic ‘0’. 

However, when the RS422 TxD- or A output is low it could be the case that this not as negative a voltage as the -3V the RS232 device is expecting, and so technically is invalid according to the specification. However, in practice for many devices their operating threshold is beyond -1.5V and since B > A it is interpreted anyway as logic ‘1’. When the RS422 TxD- or A output is high, A > B which results in logic ‘0’ at the RS232 receiver.

Interconnection of  RS-485 and RS-422

Since RS-485 transceivers are generally ‘backwards compatible’, they can be applied to interface with existing RS422 devices. For full-duplex communication, 2 transceivers are used in the 4-wire configuration of RS422, and the semi-duplex capabilities of RS485 are ignored. Plus the RS422 restrictions of only one driver and up to 10 receivers per transmission direction apply. 

The RS422 driver TxD+ and TxD- lines are respectively connected to the D+ and D- pins of a RS-485 device acting as a receiver. Similarly, the D+ and D- pins of a RS485 device acting as transmitter are connected to the RxD+ and RxD- lines of the RS422 receiver(s). 

Comparison with USB

Whilst USB has become the De Facto standard for modern short distance wired connections, it is useful to compare this against the legacy protocols in order to understand the similarities and differences, and why it may be important to maintain or even extend existing interconnections.

USB 1.0 / 2.0 provide serial, semi-duplex, balanced, differential communications, analogous to RS-485 whilst offering much faster communication packaged in a smaller and more convenient 4-pin form-factor.

USB 3.0 uses two additional pairs of conductors in a compact 9-pin connector to operate full-duplex like RS-422, whilst maintaining backwards compatibility with older USB connections, and provides various further improvements including even faster ‘SuperSpeed’ transmission. 

However, USB only provides for point-to-point connections, with lower power and limited to TTL voltage levels, and as a result shorter transmission distances.

In conclusion, the choice of use depends on the various differing applications such as the interconnection of computer peripherals, industrial control, remote monitoring and multi-device connections. 

Consequently, for legacy interworking and improved performance over longer transmission distances with wider voltage ranges, dedicated USB to RS-232 / RS-423 / RS-422 / RS-485 converters are available.

Keeping Customers Operational

@YellowsBestLtd with our aim of Keeping Customers Operational assist with seeking out new products and legacy equipment spares to maintain new and well-established systems, as well as built-to-order cables and connectors to suit exact requirements.

We would be keen to hear your experiences of using communications protocols and whether we can be of any assistance with your solution requirements for legacy systems and new technologies, so please get in touch!

Legacy mobile phones and the 3G Switch Off

What it means for old and new mobiles and services

These days most people are used to upgrading their smartphones every couple of years or so to the latest offering. So they shouldn’t have any issues with the switch off of 3G networks, as the newest devices are all likely to support 4G and 5G services. But that isn’t universally the case for old products.

Worth checking the Money Saving Expert guide: The 3G mobile network switch off – What You Need To Know.

Old Innovative products were built to last

There exists a significant minority of ‘legacy’ users, loyal fans of some outstanding older mobile phones. 

Everything from the basic Nokia 1100 with its amazing 400-hour between charges standby time which sold 250 million units to become the world’s biggest selling electronic device. See the handy ‘Brick’ 1100 emulator if you somehow missed it. 

Through to advanced and sophisticated gadgets so well built, once considered the finest of their type, that they have continued to find use to this day. Such as:

  • The Nokia N95 with its 5MP camera, GPS, mapping capabilities and innovative dual-sliding ‘multimedia computer’ form-factor, hailed as one of the best mobile phone devices.
Nokia N95
  • The Nokia E90 ‘Communicator’ representing the final development of the PDA style full QWERTY keyboard clamshell series of ‘Communicator‘ products which arguably initiated the ‘smartphone’ concept way back in 1996
Nokia 9210, 9500 & E90 ‘Communicators’
  • The Nokia E71 (along with variants E61, E63, E72 and E5) providing an ultra compact QWERTY keyboard messaging phone aimed at business users and considered one of the finest of Nokia devices
Nokia E71
  • The Nokia N8 touch screen based smartphone which was considered at the time as the best camera phone, and its successor, the Nokia 808 ‘Pureview’ is still recognised as having the greatest resolution of any cameraphone with its 41MP image sensor.
Nokia N8

The technology revolution

In retrospect, these were the pinnacle of ‘mobile phones’; devices that commenced with basic telephony and had various functions added, including text messaging, contacts, email, clock, calculator, a camera and GPS.

What replaced them were the ‘internet slates’; products whose heritage came from personal computing, and generated an explosion in applications development providing productivity, news, social media and games. This ‘revolution’ has resulted in ‘voice’ being just another ‘app’ provided as part of the data bundle, rather than the central purpose of use. But for some, a ‘mobile phone’ is all they need to carry to keep in contact whilst out and about, preferring to keep ‘computing tasks’ separate and best served on a laptop or desktop computer.  

Technology updates , business developments and shifts in consumer preferences couldn’t alone completely ‘kill off’ these iconic products from yesteryear. This is despite the end of production and support of old Nokia phones and subsequent Windows Mobile devices, or indeed anything else to rival today’s iPhone / Android duopoly. Despite Nokia’s overall demise, next generation ‘Nokia’ branded mobile phones are now made and sold by HMD and certain software functionality has lived on, such as ’Nokia maps’ which now exists as ‘HERE WeGo’ 

HERE WeGo maps & navigation application

The ‘end of the road’ for old hardware

But now finally the end of the road is in sight for the old mobile phone hardware.

The ‘issue’ is the industry and government ‘switch off’ of the old 3G networks, already actioned in the U.K. by EE, Three and Vodafone in 2024 and to be completed by Virgin Media O2 in 2025. This means that mobile phones that don’t support 4G will cease to be able to use data services and functionality. The Mobile U.K. guide confirms this switch off timetable.

Perhaps confusingly, some 2G networks are to operate for awhile longer. Although Virgin Media O2 plans to close their 2G service this year and Three never launched 2G in the first place, EE and Vodafone have no plans yet to close 2G before the agreed deadline of 2033. Though this could change and services may end much earlier.

So this means basic telephony and text messaging should continue for now to be available on legacy hardware. And it’s possible that some networking functionality may be accessed using WiFi, if supported by certain old phone models.

YellowsBest continues ‘Keeping Customers Operational’

This is the tenth year of YellowsBestLtd supporting Customers with requirements for #Business Development, #Enterprise Support, #Sustainable Solutions, #Technologies and Products. 

We would love to hear your experiences regarding legacy and new devices and infrastructure; please get in touch with any enquiries for Consultancy, Spares, Repairs and Support services. We hope to be of assistance! 

Season’s Greetings

2024 has flown by and is nearly over! YellowsBest thanks you for your interest, enquiries and support during the year.

Now into our 10th year of business, we look forward to continuing to assist in “Keeping Customers Operational” with Business Development activities, Enterprise Support services, Sustainable Systems maintenance and supply of Technologies and Products solutions throughout the New Year.

We wish you a very Merry Christmas, and look forward to hearing from you again in 2025. 

Olympics – Paris 2024

Wonderful Sporting Competition!

The summer of sport continues with the fabulous event that is the Olympics, bringing together competitors from nations from all over the world. This time hosted in Paris, showcasing the widest diverse collection of the most popular together with some lesser known sporting activities.

Following our favourites!

We are keeping abreast of the action from France, and have in particular have been impressed with performances by athletes in TeamGB. Here are their medal successes (so far):

Total medals for TeamGB: 63

(Source: Olympics.com)

Gold: 14

  • Athletics (women’s 800m): Keely Hodgkinson
  • Cycling Mountain bike (cross country): Tom Piddock
  • Cycling Track (women’s team sprint): Katy Marchant, Sophie Capewell, Emma Finucane
  • Equestrian (team eventing): Rosalind Canter, Laura Collett, Tom McEwen
  • Equestrian (team jumping): Ben Maher, Scott Brash, Harry Charles
  • Rowing (men’s 8): Morgan Bolding, Sholto Carnegie, Jacob Dawson, Tom Digby, Charlie Elwes, Tom Ford, Rory Gibbs James Rudkin
  • Rowing (Lightweight Women’s Double Sculls): Emily Craig, Imogen Grant
  • Rowing (women’s quadruple sculls): Lauren Henry, Hannah Scott, Lola Anderson, Georgina Brayshaw
  • Sailing (women’s kite): Eleanor Aldridge
  • Shooting (men’s trap): Nathan Hales
  • Sports Climbing (men’s boulder & lead): Toby Roberts
  • Swimming (men’s 4 x 200m Freestyle Relay): James Guy, Matt Richards, Tom Dean, Duncan Scott
  • Trampoline Gymnastics (women’s): Bryony Page
  • Triathlon (men’s individual): Alex Yee

Silver: 22

  • Artistic Swimming (duet): Kate Shortman, Izzy Thorpe
  • Athletics (men’s 400m): Matthew Hudson-Smith
  • Athletics (men’s 1500m): Josh Kerr
  • Athletics (women’s heptathlon): Katarina Johnson-Thompson
  • Athletics (women’s 4x100m relay): Dina Asher-Smith, Imani Lansiquot, Amy Hunt, Daryll Neita
  • Canoe slalom (men’s canoe single): Adam Burgess
  • Canoe slalom (men’s kayak cross): Joseph Clarke
  • Cycling Park (BMX freestyle): Kieran Darren David Reilly
  • Cycling Road (women’s time trial): Anna Henderson
  • Cycling Track (men’s team sprint): Jack Carlin, Ed Lowe, Hamish Turnbull
  • Cycling Track (men’s team pursuit): Oliver Wood, Ethan Vernon, Charlie Tanfield, Ethan Hayter, Daniel Bingham
  • Cycling Track (women’s madison): Elinor Barker, Neah Evans – Silver
  • Diving (men’s synchronised 10m platform): Tom Daley, Noah Williams 
  • Golf (men’s individual stroke play): Tommy Fleetwood
  • Rowing (Men’s Pair): Ollie Wynne-Griffith, Tom George
  • Rowing (women’s four): Helen Glover, Rebecca Shorten, Esme Booth, Sam Redgrave
  • Shooting (women’s skeet): Amber Jo Rutter
  • Swimming (men’s 200m freestyle): Matt Richards
  • Swimming (men’s 100m breaststroke): Adam Peaty
  • Swimming (men’s 50m freestyle): Benjamin Proud
  • Swimming (men’s 200m individual medley): Duncan Scott
  • Taekwondo (men’s +80kg): Caden Cunningham

Bronze: 29

  • Artistic Gymnastics (men’s floor exercise): Jake Jarman
  • Artistic Gymnastics (men’s vault): Harry Hepworth
  • Athletics (men’s 4x100m relay): Zharnel Hughes, Nethaneel Mitchell-Blake, Louie Hinchliffe, Jeremiah Azu
  • Athletics (men’s 4x400m relay): Alex Haydock-Wilson, Matthew Hudson-Smith, Lewis Davey, Charles Dobson
  • Athletics (women’s 1500m): Georgia Bell
  • Athletics (women’s 4x400m relay): Victoria Ohuruogu, Laviai Nielsen, Nicole Yeargin, Amber Anning
  • Athletics (mixed 4x400m relay): Samuel Reardon, Laviai Nielsen, Alex Haydock-Wilson, Nicole Yeargin
  • Boxing (men’s 71kg): Lewis Richardson
  • Canoe slalom (women’s kayak single): Kimberley Woods 
  • Canoe slalom (women’s kayak cross): Kimberley Woods 
  • Cycling Track (men’s sprint): Jack Carlin – Bronze
  • Cycling Track (women’s sprint): Emma Finucane
  • Cycling Track (women’s keirin): Emma Finucane
  • Cycling Track (women’s team pursuit): Elinor Barker, Josie Knight, Anna Morris, Jessica Roberts
  • Diving (women’s synchronised 3m springboard): Yasmin Harper, Scarlett Mew Jensen
  • Diving (women’s synchronised 10m platform): Andrea Spendolini-Sirieix, Lois Toulson
  • Diving (men’s Synchronised 3m Springboard): Jack Laugher, Anthony Harding
  • Diving (men’s 10m Springboard): Noah Williams
  • Equestrian (individual eventing): Laura Collett
  • Equestrian (dressage team): Carl Hester, Charlotte Fry, Becky Moody
  • Equestrian (dressage individual): Charlotte Fry
  • Rowing (women’s Double Sculls): Mathilda Hodgkins Byrne, Becky Wilde
  • Rowing (men’s Coxless Four): Oli Wilkes, David Ambler, Matt Aldridge, Freddie Davidson
  • Rowing (women’s 8): Annie Campbell-Orde, Holly Dunford, Emily Ford, Lauren Irwin, Heidi Long, Rowan McKellar, Eve Stewart, Hattie Taylor 
  • Sailing (women’s windsurfing): Emma Wilson
  • Skateboarding (women’s park): Sky Brown
  • Triathlon (women’s individual): Beth Potter
  • Triathlon (mixed relay): Alex Yee, Georgia Taylor-Brown, Sam Dickinson, Beth Potter
  • Weightlifting (women’s +81kg): Emily Campbell

Whatever the sport you’re interested in and whoever you follow, good luck and best wishes for an exciting and interesting competition.  

Keeping Customers Operational

@YellowsBestLtd continues with our aim of Keeping Customers Operational by seeking out new products and legacy equipment spares to maintain new and well-established networks. Recent enquiries have been fulfilled supplying refurbished and surplus stocks of equipment cards, as well as built-to-order cables and connectors to suit exact requirements.

We would welcome any enquiries for the supply of similar or alternative parts, or support services to provide hardware repairs. Please get in touch; we look forward to hearing from you!

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year

As the end of another successful year approaches and the bringing of the New Year is in sight, I would like to give thanks to all customers and suppliers who have taken an interest and supported YellowsBest throughout 2023, and look forward to being of assistance again very soon.

Have a wonderful festive season and enjoy the celebrations with your family and friends!

Celebrating 8 years of supporting Customers and supplying Services and Solutions

@YellowsBestLtd has been assisting with “Keeping Customers Operational” for eight years now. Over the time we have been in business, we have supported our Customers with Services and Solutions.

We provide a range of Business Development professional Services, such as Consultancy and Value Added Resale.

We help Customers to keep their infrastructure networks operational by undertaking a range of Enterprise Support activities, including O&M, training and Reverse logistics.

We ensure Sustainable Systems by sourcing Solutions to assist customers maintain the operational status of their infrastructure.

We support deployed systems by providing hardware repair and software corrections and suppling spares or functional replacements.

We offer various new and ‘legacy’ equipment Technologies and a wide range of infrastructure, telecoms and other Products, seeking out new, surplus and refurbished equipment spares equipment cards, as well as supplying built-to-order cables and connectors to suit exact requirements.

The Market Sectors of the diverse organisations we assist include Utilities, Transport and Private and Public Operators who operate and maintain their own network infrastructure, providing them with Solutions to do more whilst reaping cost-benefits.

We hope to continue to be of assistance for many further years. Please contact us to let us know how we can assist you to keep your systems operational . We look forward to hearing from you.

Good luck for the Women’s Football (Soccer) World Cup!

It’s a good time for watching sport, not least the arrival of the Women’s Football (Soccer) World Cup.

@Yellowsbestltd we will be following the competition with interest, and naturally following our home side! Whoever you’re supporting, good luck and best wishes for an entertaining and enjoyable event.

Wen you have time between work commitments and leisure time, we would be keen to hear from you should you have any views or news, or indeed any consultancy, solutions or support services requirements. Please get in touch to let us know how things are with you and if we can help.

Ultrafast Fibre Broadband – ‘FTTP’

Although the installation of fibre broadband services have been rolling out across the UK for some time now, there still seems much confusion relating to the various services on offer.

@YellowsBestLtd has been receiving ‘Fibre To The Premises’ (FTTP – sometimes referred to as ‘Fibre To The Home’ FTTH) from @Gigaclear since our formation in 2015. We are therefore able to provide this brief summary of our experiences and comparison of the types possible and their capabilities:

Full Fibre (FTTP) – fibre runs directly to the office or house, giving the fastest and most reliable speeds. This is what we had installed by Gigaclear; a dedicated fibre line into a fibre modem which can be directly connected to using ethernet cable or via a wifi router.

Part Fibre or ‘Fibre to the Cabinet’ (FTTC) – fibre runs to the neighbourhood cabinet, and then data runs over copper lines into the building. The transmission speed and bandwidth is therefore reduced in comparison to Full Fibre. This is the type of on offer to many consumers where the local telephony provider is not able to rollout fibre replacement for the ‘last mile’ of copper connection.

Copper or non-fibre – the traditional, existing telephone lines are used to provide the broadband service. This naturally provides the slowest speed and least data bandwidth. Many communities still rely on this as the only means of internet connection, since no fibre broadband deployment has been made.

The net result is that with Full Fibre, it is possible to receive previously unheard of speeds. Indeed the maximum service on offer is so fast, it outstrips the requirements of most homes and businesses. It is therefore typical that a reduced service is selected purely for cost-saving purposes.

Our own experiences have found that the Ultrafast 300 service from Gigaclear to be more than adequate for our needs. This is a screen shot of an actual speed test of the service we are being provided with:

In many cases the ‘full fibre’ service we have chosen, approximately a third the speed of the maximum possible, is still at least 10x faster than part or no fibre services. Not only is it faster, it provides a very stable connection less prone to interference and service outages. Thought due to network backhauling connections, is not unknown for interruptions to be possible; fortunately these are relatively rare.

The main difficulty for most businesses and homes remains the lack of universal provision. Whereas we have no reservations in recommending Gigaclear’s full-fibre service, we recognise this is not available everywhere. It is just fortunate for us that rural communities like ours was prioritised in their initial service rollout.

@YellowsBestLtd our mission is in “Keeping Customers Operational”. We’re always keen to enhance our range of #business services, increase the #enterprise infrastructure we support and expand our mix of #sustainable solutions we offer for supply and maintenance of new and legacy #technologies and products for our customers. 

Please get in touch to help us understand your management services or solutions requirements, whether you’re implementing new systems or maintaining existing infrastructure networks to serve your operational business needs. 

Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year

It was hoped to be a year of ‘getting back to normal’, but unexpected world events seem to keep coming. Consequently, we have had much to deal with this year, but as it draws to an end, it is once again a time for reflection, hopefully celebrating with friends and family.

Thanks for your continued interest and support in @YellowsBestLtd, we look forward to being in touch again in the forthcoming New Year.

We wish you all the best for the festive period.

Celebrating 7 Years – Yellow Best Limited

YellowsBest, with our mission of “Keeping Customers Operational” by providing solutions and services to support and enhance infrastructure systems, is celebrating our 7th Anniversary milestone.

Sincere thanks to our loyal Customers and suppliers in making this achievement possible. We look forward to continuing to assist in fulfilling requirements for #business consultancy, #enterprise infrastructure support services, spares and repairs #sustainable solutions for maintenance and the supply of new and legacy #technologies and products for our customers.